Jump to content

Turkish lira

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Turkish Lira)

Turkish lira
Türk lirası (Turkish)
TL
Banknotes1₺ coin
ISO 4217
CodeTRY (numeric: 949)
(before 2006: TRL)
Subunit0.01
Unit
UnitLira
Pluralliralar[a]
SymbolTL, ₺‎
Denominations
Subunit
 1⁄100Kuruş
Symbol
 Kuruşkr
Banknotes
 Freq. used₺5, ₺10, ₺20, ₺50, ₺100, ₺200
Coins
 Freq. used₺1, ₺5
 Rarely used1kr, 5kr, 10kr, 25kr, 50kr
Demographics
Official user(s) Turkey
Northern Cyprus
Unofficial user(s) Syria (alongside with United States dollar and Syrian pound)[1]
Issuance
Central bankCentral Bank of the Republic of Turkey
 Websitewww.tcmb.gov.tr
PrinterCBRT Banknote Printer
 Websitewww.tcmb.gov.tr
MintTurkish State Mint
 Websitewww.darphane.gov.tr
Valuation
Inflation47.09%
 SourceYCharts [1].
 MethodCPI
^a The plural is rarely used (mostly as an indefinite noun) and it is never used when referring to amounts, e.g. üç lira (three lira), bin lira (one thousand lira).

The lira (Turkish: Türk lirası; sign: ₺; ISO 4217 code: TRY;[2] abbreviation: TL) is the official currency of Turkey and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, as well as one of the two currencies used in Syrian Opposition under the country's interim government.[1] One lira is divided into one hundred kuruş.

History

[edit]

Ottoman lira (1844–1923)

[edit]
Main article: Ottoman lira

The lira, along with the related currencies of Europe and the Middle East, has its roots in the ancient Roman unit of weight known as the libra which referred to the Troy pound of silver. The Roman libra adoption of the currency spread it throughout Europe and the Near East, where it continued to be used into medieval times. The Turkish lira, the French livre (until 1794), the Italian lira (until 2002), Lebanese pound and the pound unit of account in sterling (a translation of the Latin libra; the word "pound" as a unit of weight is still abbreviated as "lb.") are the modern descendants of the ancient currency.

The lira was introduced as the main unit of account in 1844, with the former currency, kuruş, remaining as a 1⁄100 subdivision. The Ottoman lira remained in circulation until the end of 1927.[3]

First Turkish lira (1923–2005)

[edit]
Both Livre Turque (in French) and تورك لیراسی (in Ottoman Turkish) phrases used on first-issue banknotes.

The banknotes of the first and second issue depict Mustafa Kemal Atatürk on the obverse side. This change was done according to the 12 January 1926 issue of the official gazette.[4][5] After Atatürk's death, his portrait was replaced with one of İsmet İnönü for the third and fourth issues. Atatürk returned for the fifth issue and all subsequent issues.

After periods of the lira pegged to sterling and the franc, a peg of TL 2.8 = US$1 was adopted in 1946 and maintained until 1960, when the currency was devalued to TL 9 = US$1. From 1970, a series of hard, then soft pegs to the dollar operated as the value of the Turkish lira began to fall.

The following are based on yearly averages:[6][7]

  • 1960s: US$1 = TL 9
  • 1970: US$1 = TL 11.30
  • 1975: US$1 = TL 14.40
  • 1980: US$1 = TL 80
  • 1985: US$1 = TL 500
  • 1990: US$1 = TL 2,500
  • 1995: US$1 = TL 43,000
  • 2000: US$1 = TL 620,000
  • 2001: US$1 = TL 1,250,000
  • 2005: US$1 = TL 1,350,000

The Guinness Book of Records ranked the Turkish lira as the world's least valuable currency in 1995 and 1996, and again from 1999 to 2004. The lira's value had fallen so far that one original gold lira coin could be sold for TL 154,400,000 before the 2005 revaluation.

Second Turkish lira (2005–present)

[edit]
Main article: Revaluation of the Turkish lira
The Turkish lira has a history of accelerating loss of value relative to the euro, breaching the mark of ₺5 per euro in early 2018

28 January 2004, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey passed a law that allowed for redenomination by the removal of six zeros from the Turkish lira, and the creation of a new currency. It was introduced on 1 January 2005, replacing the previous Turkish lira (which remained valid in circulation until the end of 2005) at a rate of YTL 1 (ISO 4217 code "TRY") = TL 1,000,000 in old lira (ISO 4217 code "TRL"). With the revaluation of the Turkish lira, the Romanian leu (also revalued in July 2005) briefly became the world's least valued currency unit. At the same time, the Government introduced two new banknotes with the denominations of ₺50 and ₺100.

In the transition period between January 2005 and December 2008, the second Turkish lira was officially called Yeni Türk lirası ("New Turkish lira").[8] The letter "Y" in the currency code was taken from the Turkish word yeni, meaning new. It was officially abbreviated "YTL" and subdivided into 100 new kuruş (yeni kuruş). Starting in January 2009, the "new" marking was removed from the second Turkish lira, its official name becoming just "Turkish lira" again, abbreviated "TL". All obverse sides of current banknotes have portraits of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. The reverse sides of all coins (except for ₺1 commemorative coins) have portraits of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Since 2012, 9 different ₺1 circulating commemorative coins were introduced.

2018–present currency crisis

[edit]
Main article: Turkish economic crisis (2018–current)

In 2018, the lira's exchange rate deteriorated rapidly, reaching ₺4.5 per US dollar by mid-May and ₺4.9 a week later. Economists generally attributed the accelerating loss of value to Recep Tayyip Erdoğan preventing the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey from making necessary interest rate adjustments.[9][10] Erdoğan, who claimed interest rates beyond his control to be "the mother and father of all evil", stated that "the central bank can't take this independence and set aside the signals given by the president."[9] Despite Erdoğan's apparent opposition, Turkey's Central Bank raised interest rates sharply.[11]

As of 2020, the Turkish lira continued to plummet in value, with the currency going through a process of depreciation, consistently reaching all-time lows. The Turkish lira deflated by over 400% compared to the US dollar and the euro since 2008, largely due to Erdoğan's expansionist foreign policy.[12][13][14][15][16][17] Erdoğan has tried to fix the financial crisis with unorthodox banking methods.[18][19][20]

The Turkish lira partially recovered in early 2021 with the government's increase in interest rates. However, the currency began to crash due to inflation and depreciation starting on 21 March 2021, after the sacking of Central Bank chief Naci Ağbal. The Turkish lira reached a then-all-time-low of ₺8.8 to the dollar on 4 June.[21][22][23][24] The Turkish lira became one of the quickest collapsing currencies of 2021.[25][26][27][28] The Turkish lira reached a new low of ₺8.9 to the dollar in September 2021.[29][30][31][32] In late 2021, the Turkish lira began collapsing rapidly, with the exchange rate falling 9% against the US dollar, reaching an all-time low of ₺12.5 to the dollar.[33][34][35][36][37][38] The Turkish lira continued to collapse in December, with the inflation rate reaching unseen levels, collapsing to ₺14.5 to the US Dollar, losing nearly all of its original value.[39][40][41][42][43] On 17 December, the lira fell by 8.5%, raising the exchange rate to ₺16.5 to the US dollar. Despite the currency collapse, Erdoğan lowered interest rates down to 14% from 15%, causing the lira to lose half of its value since the start of 2021.[44][45][46][47][48] The Turkish Lira continued to decline throughout 2022. The central bank governor Şahap Kavcıoğlu lowered interest rates by 150 basis points, from 12% to 10.5%, down from the 2021 low of 15%.[49][50] The official inflation rate of the Lira through 2022 reached 83%, but independent reviews of the Turkish lira put the inflation rate even higher.[51][52]

In 2023, Erdoğan began to follow orthodox banking methods. Under the guidance of Mehmet Şimşek and Hafize Gaye Erkan, the central bank began to rapidly increase interest rates. By the end of the year, the interest rate stood at 42.5%,[53] and the annual inflation rate decreased to 53.86%, down from 83% in 2022.[54] The central bank increased the interest rate to 50% in March 2024 under Fatih Karahan, the new governor, and has kept it as such as for eight consecutive months.[55] This has resulted in the lira gaining value since May, when inflation peaked at 75.45%, but has decreased to 47.09% in November.[56]

Coins

[edit]
Main article: Coins of Turkey

From 1 January 2009, the prefix "new" was removed from the second Turkish lira, its official name in Turkey becoming "Turkish lira" again;[57] new coins without the word "yeni" were introduced in denominations of 1kr., 5kr., 10kr., 25kr., 50kr. and ₺1. Also, the center and ring alloys of the 50kr. and ₺1 coins were reversed.

Current Turkish lira coins [2]
Image Value
(kuruş)		 Technical parameters Description Date of
Obverse Reverse Diameter
(mm)		 Thickness
(mm)		 Mass
(g)		 Composition Edge Obverse Reverse first minting issue
1kr. 16.5 1.35 2.2 70% Cu, 30% Zn Plain Value, Crescent-star, year of minting Snowdrop "TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ",
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 		2008 1 January 2009
5kr. 17.5 1.65 2.9 65% Cu, 18% Ni, 17% Zn Tree of life
10kr. 18.5 3.15 Rumi motif
25kr. 20.5 4 Reeded Kufic calligraphic
50kr. 23.85 1.9 6.8 Ring: 65% Cu, 18% Ni, 17% Zn
Center: 79% Cu, 17% Zn, 4% Ni 		Large reeded Bosphorus Bridge and Istanbul silhouette
₺1 26.15 8.2 Ring: 79% Cu, 17% Zn, 4% Ni
Center: 65% Cu, 18% Ni, 17% Zn 		inscribed, T.C. letters and tulip figure Rumi motif
₺5 28.15 8.25 Ring: 64% Cu, 32% Zn, 4% Ni
Center: 64% Cu, 27% Ni, 9% Zn 		Large reeded Seljuk star, Türkiye Centenary logo 2023 29 October 2023
These images are to scale at 2.5 pixels per millimetre. For table standards, see the coin specification table.

Circulating commemorative coins

[edit]

Since 2012, the Turkish State Mint has introduced nine commemorative coins in circulation.

Banknotes

[edit]
Main article: Banknotes of Turkey

A new series of banknotes, the "E-9 Emission Group" entered circulation on 1 January 2009, with the E-8 group ceasing to be valid after 31 December 2009 (although still redeemable at branches of the Central Bank until 31 December 2019). The E-9 banknotes refer to the currency as "Turkish lira" rather than "new Turkish lira" and include a new ₺200 denomination.[60] The new banknotes have different sizes to prevent forgery.[61] The main specificity of this new series is that each denomination depicts a famous Turkish personality, rather than geographical sites and architectural features of Turkey.[62] The dominant color of the 5-Turkish-lira banknote has been determined as "purple" on the second series of the current banknotes.[63]

Current Turkish lira banknotes 9. Emission Group
Image Value
(₺)		 Dimensions
(mm)		 Main Colour Description Date of issue
Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse Watermark
₺5 130 × 64 Brown Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Aydın Sayılı:
solar system, atom, left-handed Z-DNA helix. 		Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, value 1 January 2009
Purple 8 April 2013
₺10 136 × 64 Red Cahit Arf:
Arf invariant, arithmetic series, abacus, binary sequence 		1 January 2009
₺20 142 × 68 Green Mimar Kemaleddin:
Gazi University main building, aqueduct, circular motif and cube-globe-cylinder symbolizing architecture
₺50 148 × 68 Orange Fatma Aliye Topuz:
flower and literary figures
₺100 154 × 72 Blue Buhurizade Itri:
musical notes, instruments and Mevlevi figure
₺200 160 × 72 Pink Yunus Emre:
Yunus's mausoleum, rose, pigeon and the line "Sevelim, sevilelim" (Let us love, let us be loved)
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

Currency sign

[edit]
Main article: Turkish lira sign
Turkish lira sign
Design limits[64]

The lira was originally symbolised as TL, inverting the characters of the Ottoman lira's sign, LT, which stood for "Livre Turque" in French. Historically English language sources used "£T"[65][66] or "T£"[67] for the currency, but it is unknown whether this notation was ever used within Turkey.

The current currency sign of Turkish lira was created by the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey in 2012. The new sign was selected after a country-wide contest.[68] The new symbol is composed of the letter L shaped like a half anchor, and embedded double-striped letter T angled at 20 degrees.

The design, created by Tülay Lale, was endorsed after a country-wide competition. It was chosen as the winner from a shortlist of seven submissions to the board of the Central Bank, selected from a total of 8,362 entries. The symbol resembles the first letter of the Turkish monetary unit, L, in the form of a half anchor with double stroke.[69][70][71][72][73]

Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced the new symbol on 1 March 2012.[74] At its unveiling, Erdoğan explained the design as "the anchor shape hopes to convey that the currency is a 'safe harbour' while the upward-facing lines represent its rising prestige".[75]

Faik Öztrak, vice chairman of the main opposition party CHP, alleged that the new sign resembles the initials TE of then-prime minister Tayyip Erdoğan in a reference to the tughra of Ottoman sultans.[76] The new Turkish lira sign was also criticized for allegedly showing a similarity with an upside-down Armenian dram sign.[73][77]

In May 2012, the Unicode Technical Committee accepted the encoding of a new character U+20BA ₺ TURKISH LIRA SIGN for the currency sign,[78] which was included in Unicode 6.2 released in September 2012.[79] On Microsoft Windows operating systems, when using Turkish-Q or Turkish-F keyboard layouts, it can be typed with the combination AltGr+T.

Circulation

[edit]
Most traded currencies by value
Currency distribution of global foreign exchange market turnover[80]
Currency ISO 4217
code 		Symbol or
Abbrev.[81] 		Proportion of daily volume Change
(2019–2022)
April 2019 April 2022
U.S. dollar USD $, US$ 88.3% 88.5% Increase 0.2pp
Euro EUR € 32.3% 30.5% Decrease 1.8pp
Japanese yen JPY ¥, 円 16.8% 16.7% Decrease 0.1pp
Sterling GBP £ 12.8% 12.9% Increase 0.1pp
Renminbi CNY ¥, 元 4.3% 7.0% Increase 2.7pp
Australian dollar AUD $, A$ 6.8% 6.4% Decrease 0.4pp
Canadian dollar CAD $, Can$ 5.0% 6.2% Increase 1.2pp
Swiss franc CHF Fr., fr. 4.9% 5.2% Increase 0.3pp
Hong Kong dollar HKD $, HK$, 元 3.5% 2.6% Decrease 0.9pp
Singapore dollar SGD $, S$ 1.8% 2.4% Increase 0.6pp
Swedish krona SEK kr, Skr 2.0% 2.2% Increase 0.2pp
South Korean won KRW ₩, 원 2.0% 1.9% Decrease 0.1pp
Norwegian krone NOK kr, Nkr 1.8% 1.7% Decrease 0.1pp
New Zealand dollar NZD $, $NZ 2.1% 1.7% Decrease 0.4pp
Indian rupee INR ₹ 1.7% 1.6% Decrease 0.1pp
Mexican peso MXN $, Mex$ 1.7% 1.5% Decrease 0.2pp
New Taiwan dollar TWD $‎, NT$, 圓 0.9% 1.1% Increase 0.2pp
South African rand ZAR R 1.1% 1.0% Decrease 0.1pp
Brazilian real BRL R$ 1.1% 0.9% Decrease 0.2pp
Danish krone DKK kr., DKr 0.6% 0.7% Increase 0.1pp
Polish złoty PLN zł‎, Zl 0.6% 0.7% Increase 0.1pp
Thai baht THB ฿, B 0.5% 0.4% Decrease 0.1pp
Israeli new shekel ILS ₪, NIS 0.3% 0.4% Increase 0.1pp
Indonesian rupiah IDR Rp 0.4% 0.4% Steady
Czech koruna CZK Kč, CZK 0.4% 0.4% Steady
UAE dirham AED د.إ, Dh(s) 0.2% 0.4% Increase 0.2pp
Turkish lira TRY ₺, TL 1.1% 0.4% Decrease 0.7pp
Hungarian forint HUF Ft 0.4% 0.3% Decrease 0.1pp
Chilean peso CLP $, Ch$ 0.3% 0.3% Steady
Saudi riyal SAR ﷼, SRl(s) 0.2% 0.2% Steady
Philippine peso PHP ₱ 0.3% 0.2% Decrease 0.1pp
Malaysian ringgit MYR RM 0.2% 0.2% Steady
Colombian peso COP $, Col$ 0.2% 0.2% Steady
Russian ruble RUB ₽, руб 1.1% 0.2% Decrease 0.9pp
Romanian leu RON —, leu 0.1% 0.1% Steady
Peruvian sol PEN S/ 0.1% 0.1% Steady
Other currencies 2.0% 2.4% Increase 0.4pp
Total 200.0% 200.0%


Current exchange rates

[edit]
Current TRY exchange rates
From Google Finance: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD AZN NZD RUB
From Yahoo! Finance: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD AZN NZD RUB
From XE.com: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD AZN NZD RUB
From OANDA: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD AZN NZD RUB

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Turkish lira currency of choice in northern Syria". www.aa.com.tr.
  2. ^ International Organization for Standardization. "Currency codes – ISO 4217". ISO. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
  3. ^ "History of Paper Money". Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
  4. ^ "701 Mevcûd Evrâk-ı Nakdiyyenin Yenileriyle İstibdâline Dâir Kânun" (PDF). Prime Ministry. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
  5. ^ "Elyevm mevkii tedavülde bulunan evrakı nakdiye yerine, aynı evsafı kanuniyeyi haiz olmak ve aynı miktarda bulunmak üzere yeni evrakı nakdiye ihracı hakkında (1/750) numaralı kanun lâyihası ve Kavanin ve Muvazenei Maliye Encümenleri mazbataları" (PDF). Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
  6. ^ "Historical exchange rates from 1953 with graph and charts". fxtop.com.
  7. ^ "Zoom on historical exchange rates graph". fxtop.com.
  8. ^ Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey. "Law on the Currency of the Republic of Turkey".
  9. ^ a b "Turkey's leader is helping to crash its currency". Washington Post. 16 May 2018.
  10. ^ "Investors lose their appetite for Turkey". Financial Times. 16 May 2018.
  11. ^ Alderman, Liz; Rao, Prashant S. (13 September 2018). "Turkey's Central Bank Raises Interest Rates". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  12. ^ Gullo, M. T. (28 April 2012). "Turkey's Somalia Adventure: The Quest for Soft Power and Regional Recognition". London: Centre for Policy Analysis and Research on Turkey (ResearchTurkey). Archived from the original on 16 August 2023.
  13. ^ Arbaa, Ofer; Varon, Eva (December 2019). "Turkish currency crisis – Spillover effects on European banks". Borsa Istanbul Review. 19 (4): 372–378. doi:10.1016/j.bir.2019.07.003.
  14. ^ Kotil, Erdoğan (24 January 2020). "Exchange Rate Pass-Through Investigation for Turkish Economy". Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics. 5: 66. doi:10.3389/fams.2019.00066. S2CID 210865900.
  15. ^ "Turkish lira hits new record low as central bank holds rates". Al-Monitor. 22 October 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  16. ^ "The Turkish lira is on its worst losing streak since 1999". www.aljazeera.com.
  17. ^ "Turkey: Background andU.S. Relations In Brief" (PDF). fas.org. 1 September 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  18. ^ "FDD | Erdogan's Fourth Attempt to Take Over Turkey's Largest Private Bank". FDD. 21 May 2020.
  19. ^ "Why Erdogan Aims to Seize Stake in No. 2 Turkish Bank". Bloomberg.com. 17 February 2020.
  20. ^ "Erdogan's Long Arm in the US: Turkish Influence Operations Among American Muslims" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  21. ^ "Turkish lira remains volatile after surprise dip in inflation data". Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East. 3 June 2021.
  22. ^ "Turkey's lira hits new low as investors lose faith". www.aljazeera.com.
  23. ^ "Erdogan Renews Rate-Cut Demands as Economy Erodes Support". Bloomberg News. June 2021.
  24. ^ Turak, Natasha (2 June 2021). "Turkish lira hits record low after Erdogan renews call for interest rate cuts". CNBC.
  25. ^ "Turkey bulls are wrong footed after central bank hawks ouster". Bloomberg News. 21 March 2021.
  26. ^ "Turkish lira plummets after Erdoğan fires hawkish central bank chief". Ahval.
  27. ^ "Turkey bulls wrong footed central".
  28. ^ Cole, Wayne (22 March 2021). "Asia stocks mostly steady, weather Turkish lira squall". Reuters.
  29. ^ Devranoglu, Nevzat; Kucukgocmen, Ali (24 September 2021). "Lira hits record lows as rate cut sets Turkey on uncertain path". Reuters.
  30. ^ Koc, Cagan (27 September 2021). "Only Economist to Call Turkey Cut Sees Lower Rates, Weaker Lira". Bloomberg News.
  31. ^ Yackley, Ayla Jean; Stubbington, Tommy (23 September 2021). "Turkey cuts interest rate to send lira tumbling as inflation soars". Financial Times.
  32. ^ Ewing, Jack (23 September 2021). "Turkey's currency hits a new low after a surprise interest rate cut". The New York Times.
  33. ^ Hirtenstein, Jared Malsin and Anna (25 November 2021). "Turks Abandon the Lira for Dollars as Currency Crisis Deepens". The Wall Street Journal.
  34. ^ Tuncay, Ebru; Gumrukcu, Tuvan (25 November 2021). "Turkish central bank, banks discuss rates after lira tumble". Reuters.
  35. ^ Julia Horowitz, Isil Sariyuce and Jomana Karadsheh (24 November 2021). "Turkey is going its own way on inflation. The lira is crashing". CNN.
  36. ^ "Erdogan's credibility plunges along with lira – Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East". www.al-monitor.com. 24 November 2021.
  37. ^ McNamara, Paul (24 November 2021). "Turkey's lira plunge is a reminder of risks facing emerging markets". Financial Times.
  38. ^ "Turkish Lira Takes Breather from Worst Losing Streak in 20 Years". Bloomberg News. 24 November 2021.
  39. ^ Gall, Carlotta (5 November 2021). "As Turkey Chafes at Erdogan, He Gets Spikier Abroad". The New York Times.
  40. ^ "Erdogan's Plan Backfires with 'Desperation' in Turkish Lira". Bloomberg News. December 2021.
  41. ^ "Turkey risks further damage by using up 'borrowed' lira reserves – S&P Global". Reuters. 2 December 2021.
  42. ^ Ng, Abigail (18 November 2021). "Turkish lira hits all-time low before country's central bank meeting". CNBC.
  43. ^ "Turkish Lira's Abrupt Fall Hits Turkmen Labor Migrants". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 30 November 2021.
  44. ^ "Erdoğan intervenes after Turkish lira sinks to lowest level against dollar". The Guardian. 16 December 2021.
  45. ^ Turak, Natasha (16 December 2021). "Turkish central bank cuts rates, sending lira to record low". CNBC.
  46. ^ Farooq, Umar. "Turkey raises minimum wage as lira crash, inflation sow hardship". www.aljazeera.com.
  47. ^ Gall, Carlotta (16 December 2021). "Turkish Currency Hits a New Low, Again". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021.
  48. ^ Butler, Daren; Devranoglu, Nevzat (17 December 2021). "Turkey's currency crisis deepens after Erdogan's latest rate cut". Reuters.
  49. ^ Turak, Natasha (20 October 2022). "Turkey slashes interest rates by 150 basis points despite inflation at 83%". CNBC.
  50. ^ Hadi, Dlawar Mahdi; Karim, Sitara; Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr; Lucey, Brian M. (March 2023). "Turkish Lira crisis and its impact on sector returns". Finance Research Letters. 52: 103479. doi:10.1016/j.frl.2022.103479. S2CID 253433507.
  51. ^ "Turkey's annual inflation passes 80% after interest rate cut". 5 September 2022 – via Associated Press.
  52. ^ Erkoyun, Ezgi; Devranoglu, Nevzat (19 August 2022). "Turkish lira slips toward record low in post-rate-cut selloff". Reuters – via www.reuters.com.
  53. ^ "Press Release on Interest Rates (2023-51)". 21 December 2023 – via Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye.
  54. ^ "Turkey Inflation Rate 1960-2024" – via Macrotrends.
  55. ^ Lahiri, Indrabati. "Central Bank of Turkey keeps key interest rate unchanged" – via Euronews.
  56. ^ "Consumer Prices" – via Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye.
  57. ^ "Public Announcement As to the Removal of the Prefix "New" From The New Turkish Lira". Archived from the original on 25 March 2008.
  58. ^ "Darphane açıkladı: Piyasada 1 milyon adet 'Türkçe Olimpiyatları' parası var". Diken. 21 December 2017. Archived from the original on 24 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  59. ^ "100. yıl hatırası ölümsüzleştirildi!". Sabah (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 3 April 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  60. ^ Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankasi (Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey) (8 May 2007). "Public Announcement As to the Removal of the Prefix "New" From The New Turkish Lira". Official Gazette. TCMB. p. 103. Archived from the original on 25 March 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2008.
  61. ^ "TL banknotes to be in circulation in 2009". Turkish Daily News. 15 September 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2006.
  62. ^ "Türk Lirası'nda yeni yüzler". NTV-MSNBC (in Turkish). Anadolu Agency. 3 October 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
  63. ^ Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankasi (Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey) (2 April 2013). "Press Release on the Issue of E-9 Emission Group II. Series Turkish Lira Banknotes". TCMB. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  64. ^ "TLSimge". Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey. Archived from the original on 24 February 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
  65. ^ "Pound" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 221–222, see page 221. Pound.—
  66. ^ Oron, Yitzhak (1961). "Middle East Record Volume 2".
  67. ^ "The Insurance Law Journal 1952-12: Iss 359". December 1952.
  68. ^ "TL SİMGE YARIŞMASI ŞARTNAMESİ" (PDF) (in Turkish). Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Merkez Bankası. October 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
  69. ^ "TL Simgesi Açıklandı". Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (in Turkish). March 2012. Archived from the original on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2012., page 6.
  70. ^ "Başkan Başçı'nın TL Simge Yarışması Basın Toplantısında Yaptığı Konuşma" (in Turkish). Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  71. ^ "Türk lirasının yeni simgesi açıklandı". Haber 7 (in Turkish). Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  72. ^ "Brand new Turkish Lira sign revealed". Hürriyet Daily News. 1 March 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  73. ^ a b "Dünyada TL kullanımı 3'e katlandı, 'çıpa'lı simge 'güvenli liman' mesajı oldu". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 2 March 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  74. ^ "PM Erdoğan announces symbol for Turkish lira", TodaysZaman.com, 1 March 2012
  75. ^ "Turkey unveils symbol for national currency" Archived 27 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine, TodaysZaman.com, 1 March 2012
  76. ^ "CHP'den, TL simgesi için ilginç iddia". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 1 March 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  77. ^ "Paramızın artık haysiyeti var faizlerin daha da inmesi lazım". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 2 March 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  78. ^ "Unicode 6.2 to Support the Turkish Lira Sign from announcements_at_unicode.org on 15 May 2012 (Unicode Mail List Archive)". Unicode.org. 15 May 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
  79. ^ "Unicode 6.2.0". The Unicode Consortium. 23 October 2012.
  80. ^ Triennial Central Bank Survey Foreign exchange turnover in April 2022 (PDF) (Report). Bank for International Settlements. 27 October 2022. p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2022.
  81. ^ "Currency Units". Editorial Style Guide (PDF). World Bank Publications. p. 134–139.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Turkish lira.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkish_lira&oldid=1265105847"